INSTALLATION NOTES for OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 What is OpenBSD? ---------------- OpenBSD is a fully functional, multi-platform UN*X-like Operating System based on Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2) and 4.4BSD-Lite. There are several operating systems in this family, but OpenBSD differentiates itself by putting security and correctness first. The OpenBSD team strives to achieve what is called 'a secure by default' status. This means that an OpenBSD user should feel safe that their newly installed machine will not be compromised. This 'secure by default' goal is achieved by taking a proactive stance on security. Since security flaws are essentially mistakes in design or implement- ation, the OpenBSD team puts as much importance on finding and fixing existing design flaws and implementation bugs as it does writing new code. This means that an OpenBSD system will not only be more secure, but it will be more stable. The source code for all critical system components has been checked for remote-access, local-access, denial- of-service, data destruction, and information-gathering problems. In addition to bug fixing, OpenBSD has integrated strong cryptography into the base system. A fully functional IPsec implementation is provided as well as support for common protocols such as SSL and SSH. Network filtering and monitoring tools such as packet filtering, NAT, and bridging are also standard. For high performance demands, support for hardware cryptography has also been added to the base system. Because security is often seen as a tradeoff with usability, OpenBSD provides as many security options as possible to allow the user to enjoy secure computing without feeling burdened by it. To integrate more smoothly in other environments, OpenBSD 3.2 also provides several binary emulation subsystems (which includes iBCS2, Linux, OSF/1, SunOS, SVR4, Solaris, and Ultrix compatibility), aiming at making the emulation as accurate as possible so that it is transparent to the user. Many new user programs and device drivers have been added in OpenBSD 3.2, as well, bringing it closer to our goal of supplying a complete and modern UN*X-like environment. Tools like perl and an improved ksh are standard, as are numerous other useful tools. Because OpenBSD is from Canada, the export of Cryptography pieces (such as SSH, IPsec, and Kerberos) to the world is not restricted. (NOTE: OpenBSD can not be re-exported from the US once it has entered the US. Because of this, take care NOT to get the distribution from an FTP server in the US if you are outside of Canada and the US.) OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 is a port to the old Macintosh (680x0-based) computers. As always, there is much to be done on this architecture, and help is very much appreciated. However, a wide variety of hardware and software is completely functional making the system an excellent answer to the question of a UN*X-like operating system for the Mac 680x0 line of computers. Sources of OpenBSD: ------------------- This is a list of currently known ftp servers as the time of the 3.2 release: Main server in Canada: ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD Argentina: ftp://ftp.openbsd.org.ar/pub/OpenBSD (Buenos Aires) Australia: ftp://mirror.aarnet.edu.au/pub/OpenBSD (Canberra) ftp://ftp.au.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Melbourne) ftp://ftp.it.net.au/mirrors/OpenBSD (Perth) ftp://ftp.planetmirror.com/pub/OpenBSD (Sydney) ftp://ftp.wiretapped.net/pub/OpenBSD (Sydney) Austria: ftp://gd.tuwien.ac.at/opsys/OpenBSD (Vienna) ftp://mingus.wu-wien.ac.at/pub/OpenBSD (Vienna) Belgium: ftp://openbsd.rug.ac.be/pub/OpenBSD (Ghant) Canada: ftp://ftp.ca.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Edmonton) ftp://gulus.usherb.ca/pub/OpenBSD (Sherbrooke) China (Hong Kong): ftp://ftp.shellhung.org/pub/OpenBSD Czech Republic: ftp://ftp.openbsd.cz/pub/OpenBSD Denmark: ftp://sunsite.dk/mirrors/openbsd Finland: ftp://ftp.fi.debian.org/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.jyu.fi/pub/OpenBSD (Jyvaskyla) France: ftp://ftp.fr.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.bsdfr.org/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.club-internet.fr/pub/OpenBSD Germany: ftp://ftp.de.openbsd.org/pub/unix/OpenBSD (Berlin) ftp://ftp.freenet.de/pub/ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Duesseldorf) ftp://ftp-stud.fht-esslingen.de/pub/OpenBSD (Esslingen) ftp://ftp.leo.org/pub/OpenBSD (Muenchen) ftp://ftp.fh-wolfenbuettel.de/pub/os/openbsd (Wolfenbuettel) Greece: ftp://filoktitis.noc.uoa.gr/pub/OpenBSD (Athens) ftp://ftp.duth.gr/pub/OpenBSD (Thrace) Hungary: ftp://ftp.fsn.hu/pub/OpenBSD Ireland: ftp://ftp.esat.net/pub/OpenBSD (dublin) Italy: ftp://ftp.openbsd.it/pub/OpenBSD (Napoli) ftp://ftp.volftp.mondadori.com/mirror/openbsd Japan: ftp://ftp.jp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (tokyo) ftp://ftp.netlab.is.tsukuba.ac.jp/pub/os/OpenBSD (Ibaraki) ftp://ftp.kddlabs.co.jp/OpenBSD (Tokyo) The Netherlands: ftp://ftp.calyx.nl/pub/OpenBSD (Amsterdam) ftp://ftp.nl.uu.net/pub/OpenBSD (Amsterdam) ftp://ftp.nluug.nl/pub/OpenBSD (Amsterdam) Norway: ftp://ftp.inet.no/pub/OpenBSD (Oslo) ftp://ftp.uninett.no/pub/OpenBSD (Oslo) Peru: ftp://ftp.sajinet.com.pe/pub/OpenBSD Russia: ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/OpenBSD (Chernogolovka) ftp://ftp.radio-msu.net/pub/OpenBSD (Moscow) ftp://ftp.openbsd.ru/pub/OpenBSD (Novosibirsk) Saudi Arabia: ftp://ftp.isu.net.sa/pub/mirrors/ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD South Korea: ftp://ftp.snu.ac.kr/pub/BSD/OpenBSD (Seoul) Spain: ftp://ftp.rediris.es/mirror/OpenBSD (Madrid) Sweden: ftp://ftp.luth.se/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.stacken.kth.se/pub/OpenBSD (Stockholm) ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/OpenBSD (Uppsala) Switzerland: ftp://sunsite.cnlab-switch.ch/pub/OpenBSD (Zurich) Taiwan: ftp://openbsd.csie.nctu.edu.tw/pub/OpenBSD ftp://openbsd.nsysu.edu.tw/pub/OpenBSD ftp://ftp.tku.edu.tw/pub/OpenBS (TamSui) Thailand: ftp://ftp.kmitl.ac.th/pub/OpenBSD United Kingdom: ftp://sunsite.org.uk/Mirrors/ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (London) ftp://ftp.plig.org/pub/OpenBSD (London) USA: ftp://gandalf.neark.org/pub/distributions/OpenBSD (Batesville, AR) ftp://ftp5.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Redwood City, CA) ftp://ftp3.usa.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Boulder, CO) ftp://mirror.csit.fsu.edu/pub/OpenBSD (Tallahassee, FL) ftp://ftp.src.uchicago.edu/pub/OpenBSD (Chicago, IL) ftp://rt.fm/pub/OpenBSD (Lake in the Hills, IL) ftp://archive.progeny.com/OpenBSD (Indianapolis, IN) ftp://ftp7.usa.openbsd.org/pub/os/OpenBSD (West Lafayette, IN) ftp://mirrors.netnumina.com/openbsd (Cambridge, MA) ftp://ftp.groupbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD (Hillsborough, NC) ftp://ftp.cse.buffalo.edu/pub/OpenBSD (Buffalo, NY) ftp://ftp.op.net/pub/OpenBSD (Ambler, PA) ftp://carroll.cac.psu.edu/pub/OpenBSD (State College, PA) ftp://mirrors.rcn.net/pub/OpenBSD (Fairfax, VA) ftp://openbsd.secsup.org/pub/openbsd (Fairfax, VA) ftp://ftp.tux.org/bsd/openbsd (Springfield, VA) ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/OpenBSD (Madison, WI) As well, the file ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.2/ftplist contains a list which is continually updated. If you wish to become a distribution site for OpenBSD, contact . OpenBSD 3.2 Release Contents: ----------------------------- The OpenBSD 3.2 release is organized in the following way. In the .../3.2 directory, for each of the architectures having an OpenBSD 3.2 binary distribution, there is a sub-directory. The mac68k-specific portion of the OpenBSD 3.2 release is found in the "mac68k" subdirectory of the distribution. That subdirectory is laid out as follows: .../3.2/mac68k/ INSTALL.mac68k Installation notes; this file. CKSUM Output of the cksum(1) and md5(1) programs MD5 usable for verification of the correctness of downloaded files. *.tgz mac68k binary distribution sets; see below. bsd-generic.tgz The OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 kernel binary. You MUST install either this file or bsd-genericsbic.tgz blow. It is the kernel that you need to boot the system. bsd-genericsbc.tgz Another OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 kernel binary. This is identical in every way to bsd-generic.tgz accept that it enables a different SCSI driver which may allow some otherwise incompatible SCSI disks to function with OpenBSD/mac68k. You must install either this or bsd-generic.tgz. utils/ The mac68k installation utilities for MacOS. The OpenBSD/mac68k binary distribution sets contain the binaries which comprise the OpenBSD 3.2 release for mac68k systems. There are ten binary distribution sets. The binary distribution sets can be found in the "mac68k" subdirectory of the OpenBSD 3.2 distribution tree, and are as follows: base32 The OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 base binary distribution. You MUST install this distribution set. It contains the base OpenBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. It includes shared library support, and excludes everything described below. [ 22.3 MB gzipped, 67.6 MB uncompressed ] comp32 The OpenBSD/mac68k Compiler tools. All of the tools relating to C, C++, and fortran are supported. This set includes the system include files (/usr/include), the linker, the compiler tool chain, and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the base set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. [ 15.4 MB gzipped, 46.0 MB uncompressed ] etc32 This distribution set contains the system configuration files that reside in /etc and in several other places. This set MUST be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should NOT be used if you are upgrading.(If you are upgrading, it's recommended that you get a copy of this set and CAREFULLY upgrade your configuration files by hand, see the section named "Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System" below.) [ 1.2 MB gzipped, 3.9 MB uncompressed ] game32 This set includes the games and their manual pages. [ 2.8 MB gzipped, 6.6 MB uncompressed ] man32 This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the base set. Note that it does not include any of the manual pages that are included in the other sets. [ 5.5 MB gzipped, 19.9 MB uncompressed ] misc32 This set includes the system dictionaries (which are rather large), and the typesettable document set. [ 1.7 MB gzipped, 5.6 MB uncompressed ] xbase32 This set includes the base X distribution. This includes programs, headers, libraries, and configuration files. [ 6.2 MB gzipped, 16.8 MB uncompressed ] xfont32 This set includes all of the X fonts. [ 32.4 MB gzipped, 35.9 MB uncompressed ] xserv32 This set includes all of the X servers. [ 0.5 MB gzipped, 1.2 MB uncompressed ] xshare32 This set includes all text files equivalent between all architectures. [ 1.9 MB gzipped, 9.4 MB uncompressed ] The directory '../3.2/mac68k/utils' contains a number of utilities for the MacOS to aid the installation and configuration of OpenBSD. The files are distributed in Macintosh BinHex format, which is used to make SEA (Self- Extracting Archive) files, which are then used to make the executables. The files in this directory are as follows: Booter1.11.3.sea.hqx This MacOS program is used to load the OpenBSD kernel and start the operating system. In all cases, you will need to download this file. [ 141K binhexed, 110K SEA, 99K executable, 182K doc ] Installer_1.3.sea.hqx This is the MacOS program used to install downloaded sets (such as those from the bins directory) onto a BSD partition. It is necessary in either the case of a fresh install or an upgrade. [ 131K binhexed, 105K SEA, 165K executable ] Mkfs_1.47.sea.hqx A MacOS program to build BSD filesystems on various partitions you have created (see below). You will need this if you are performing a new installation. [ 78K binhexed, 66K SEA, 72K executable ] OpenBSD System Requirements and Supported Devices: -------------------------------------------------- OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 runs on several of the older Macintosh computers. 6MB of RAM should be sufficient to boot and a minimal system can probably be squeezed onto a 100MB partition by installing just the minimum sets. To actually do much compiling or anything more interesting than booting, more RAM and disk space is highly recommended. About 250MB will be necessary to install all of the OpenBSD 3.2 binary distribution (note that this does not count swap space!). Much more disk space is required to install the source and objects as well (about another 600MB). A MacOS partition is also required to install OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 and boot it, see below. OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 now runs on most 680x0 MacIntosh's. Specifically, it should work on: 68020 with 68851 PMMU and 68881 FPU 68030 with 68882 FPU (many Macs do not have this) 68040 (not including the 68LC040) The following Macintosh models are "fully" supported. This means that at least the SCSI controller, ADB (keyboard and mouse), and some sort of display will function on these models. On some of these machines, a PMMU and/or FPU are required if they are not provided by default with the machine. Mac II, Mac IIx, Mac IIcx, Mac IIci, Mac SE/30, Mac IIsi, Mac IIvx, Mac IIvi, Performa 600, Centris 650, Color Classic, Classic II, LC520, LC550, Performa 4xx, LCII, LCIII, MacTV, Quadra 610, Quadra 700, Quadra 650, Quadra 800, Quadra 840AV, some Duo Series, Powerbook 180 and 180c, PB140, PB145, PB145B, PB160, PB170, PB165, PB165c Supported devices on all of the above systems include: Internal SCSI bus and most SCSI tapes, hard drives, and CD-ROMs Internal sound--enough to beep on some machines, anyway Most NuBus video cards (there have been some problems with some 24-bit color cards) Both internal serial ports ADB keyboards and mice Ethernet cards based on the Natl. Semiconductor 8390 (Asante, Apple, and a few others) Some ethernet cards based on the SONIC chip including internal Ethernet on many of Apple's non-AV Quadras/Centrises and PowerBook 500 series. Some systems will boot and are usable from an external terminal (serial tty or SL/IP): LC475, Performa 475, Quadra 605, Quadra 950 possibly others Some systems are reportedly almost supported: LC/Performa575 (if 68LC040 replaced with a 68040) LC/Performa630 (if 68LC040 replaced with a 68040, and booted from an external SCSI drive) PowerBook 550c (but the internal SCSI drive is not supported yet) What isn't supported, but often asked about: PowerPC-based Macs. Newer Mac PPC systems are supported by the OpenBSD/macppc port. Machines based on Apple's IOP technology including the Mac IIfx. Machines based on the 68LC040 processor. Unfortunately, the chip itself contains a major bug which is presently being worked on. However, machines such as the Centris 605 don't work right now. LCPDS ethernet cards. Apple Communication Slot (CS) ethernet cards. Quadra/Centris AV series' onboard MACE ethernet. Getting the OpenBSD System onto Useful Media: --------------------------------------------- Installation is really only supported from the local Macintosh hard drive or from an AppleShare volume. This means that you'll need at least enough room on the HFS partition or AppleShare volume for the largest file that you will have to install. You will also need to collect the MacOS tools: Mkfs, BSD Install Utility, and BSD/Mac68k Booter. These three are compacted and in binhex form as mkfs.hqx, installer.hqx, and booter.sea.hqx, respectively. Extract them as you would any other Macintosh applications. The source code for these utilities should be in the same directory with the word "src" somewhere in the filename. Preparing your System for OpenBSD Installation: ----------------------------------------------- Find your favorite disk partitioning utility. Some of the ones that have been tried and seem to work are: APS Powertools 2.7.3 SCSI Directory Lite Disk Manager Mac from OnTrack HD SC Setup from Apple I/O Formatter from Diversified (?) Silverlining from LaCie You can get "HD SC Setup" from ftp://ftphqx.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/ Apple_Software_Updates/English-North_American/Macintosh/Utilities/ Apple_HD_SC_Setup_7.3.5.sea.bin (this address has been split into several lines for readability). This utility ignores non-Apple hard disks unless you patch it with the application found at . ** First, be sure you have a reliable backup of any data ** which you may want to keep. All information on the hard ** drive you will be repartitioning will be lost. That done, use your favorite partitioning utility to make at least one A/UX "Root & Usr" partition and an A/UX "Swap" partition. The "Root & Usr" partition should be _at least_ 250MB in size if you wish to install all the sets. This partition will be the root partition of your OpenBSD system. Generally, you should allocate twice as much swap space as you have real memory (so, if you have 16MB of RAM, specify 32MB of swap space). Systems that will be heavily used or that are low on real memory should have more swap space allocated. Systems that will be only lightly used can get away with less. If you like, you can also create a smaller root partition and a larger /usr. If you plan to use this machine as a server, you may also want a separate /var. Create these partitions as the BSD "usr" or "User slice X" type. It is also possible to use the Mkfs utility to "convert" partitions from MacOS partitions to BSD partitions. Mkfs will be discussed in more detail later, but it is also very possible to simply prepare your hard drive by partitioning it with MacOS partitions of the correct size. If you do this, simply select the "Convert" button when choosing partitions to build a filesystem on in Mkfs (see below). Before moving on, you should assure that your machine is running the correct software on the MacOS side. In the Memory control panel, you should turn Virtual Memory off whenever you are planning to use the BSD/Mac68k Booter. You should also assure that your machine is using 32-bit addressing. If there is no "Addressing:" option in your Memory control panel and your machine is supported, your probably will need Mode32. Mode32 is a control panel and extension combination which enable 32-bit addressing on older Macs which do not use it by default. This program is available from any Info-Mac mirror. Finally, we recommend strongly that, at least for the purposes of setting the system up, you run with the machine's monitor in 1-bit ("Black and White" in the monitor's control panel) mode. All of that done and accounted for, you are now set to install OpenBSD on your hard drive. Installing the OpenBSD System: ------------------------------ Installing OpenBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the information which is presented to you by the install program, it shouldn't be too much trouble. Before you begin, you should know the geometry of your hard disk, i.e. the sector size (note that sector sizes other than 512 bytes are not currently supported), the number of sectors per track, the number of tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the number of cylinders on the disk. The OpenBSD kernel will try to discover these parameters on its own, and if it can it will print them at boot time. If possible, you should use the parameters it prints. (You might not be able to because you're sharing your disk with another operating system, or because your disk is old enough that the kernel can't figure out its geometry.) The installation can be broken down into four basic steps: * Running Mkfs to build a filesystem or filesystems. * Running Install Utility to load the files onto your filesystems. * Running the booter to boot the system. * Final system configuration. Preparing the filesystems: Double-click on the Mkfs application icon to start it up. It will ask you for the SCSI ID of the drive that you are installing upon. Once this is selected, it will present a list of the partitions on that disk. Select the partition on which you wish to build a filesystem and click on the "Format" button. You will now be asked for a bunch of parameters for the hard drive and the filesystem. Usually, you can just take the defaults. Note that although this dialog only has the "OK" button, you are not committed, yet. Once you get the values you want, press the "OK" button. A dialog will be presented at this point with two options: "Format" and "Cancel." If you choose "Cancel," nothing will be written to your drive. If you choose "Format," the program will proceed to make a filesystem. Mkfs is not a well-behaved MacOS application. It will not allow any other tasks to run while it does (cooperative multitasking at its best). When it's finished, the program will put up a dialog to ask if you have scanned the output for any error messages. Usually there won't have been any errors, but do scan the output to make sure. Simply click on the "I Read It" button and the program will quit. Repeat as necessary for any extra partitions that you wish to make filesystems on. Note that you do _not_ need a filesystem on your swap partition. Installing the distribution sets: Double-click on the Install Utility icon to start it up. The installer will present the same SCSI ID menu that mkfs did. Select the same SCSI ID that you did for mkfs--i.e., the one you are installing onto. If you are installing onto a single root partition, proceed to the "Installing the base files" section, below. If you have not created filesystems for the root, usr, and any other partitions, go back to "Preparing the filesystem(s)," above. When you started the installer, it mounted your root partition. Just before it printed, "Mounting partition 'A' as /," it printed lines like: sd1 at scsi ID 5. This means that the device for scsi ID 5 is sd1. The partitions are signified by a trailing letter. For instance, sd1a would be the root partition of the second scsi disk in the chain, and sd0g would be the first usr partition on the first scsi disk. It is important to emphasize that device numbers after the 'sd' do not correspond to SCSI IDs of disks but rather to logical disks. The lowest SCSI ID will always be sd0 proceeded by increasing ID numbers. You will need to know the proper device to mount the remaining partition(s) by hand: * Select "Build Devices" from the "File" menu. This builds the necessary tree of device files on your filesystem in /dev. * Select "Mini Shell" from the "File" menu. * Mount the filesystems you wish with the command: mount device path For example, if you wish to mount the second partition from the first scsi disk, sd0, on /usr, you would type: mount /dev/sd0b /usr * Type "quit" to exit the minishell after you have mounted all the filesystems. Installation of base files: Select the "Install" menu item from the "File" menu and install base32.tgz, bsd-generic.tgz, comp32.tgz, and any other packages you wish to install at this time (see the contents section for information about what's in each package). The installer will print out the filename of each file as it is installed and will take quite some time to install everything. As is the case with Mkfs, this is not a particularly well-behaved MacOS application and the machine will be completely tied up while the installation takes place. At some point after installing the base package, select the "Build Devices" option from the "File" menu. This will create a bunch of device nodes for you in /dev and your initial /etc/fstab. The installer program also has an option to give you a mini-shell. Booting the system: Double-click on the BSD/Mac68k Booter icon to start the application. Check that the options in the Booting dialog look sane--especially the SCSI ID. If not, correct them to your preference. You will have to change the kernel name to "/bsd". When you are satisfied with your choices, try booting OpenBSD. If you wish to save your preferences, choose the "Save Preferences" option in the "File" menu, then quit the application and restart. Due to a long-standing bug, the preferences will not be saved unless you quit. Note that by setting the BSD/Mac68k Booter to boot automatically after starting, and by placing an alias to the booter in the "Startup Items" folder, one can make the Mac68k autoload OpenBSD upon startup. Note that on a Mac68k, the generation of the DSA and RSA keys can take quite some time -- on a slower system, it may take an hour or more. Be patient. Final Configuration: Unlike other OpenBSD platforms, OpenBSD/mac68k 3.2 does not configure the network or set a root password as part of the installation process. The user will have to do this after the first OpenBSD boot. Upon first boot, root will have no password, just hit RETURN when prompted. You will want to set the root password using the passwd(1) command. To set up basic networking, you will need to create or edit the following files, all of which are in the /etc directory: myname the computers name (without domain). mygate the IP address of the default gateway. hostname.if Configuration of the host adapter (actual name will be something like hostname.sn0 or hostname.ae0, see your dmesg for your adapter name). resolv.conf Name server configuration. hosts names and IP addresses of this machine and others on the network. dhclient.conf dhcp client information. Once these files are configured, your system will be very much like any other OpenBSD system. 'mygate' and 'myname' are just single-line text files, for info on the others, see hostname.if(5), resolv.conf(5), hosts(5) and dhclient.conf(5) in the OpenBSD man pages. Congratulations, you have successfully installed OpenBSD 3.2. When you reboot into OpenBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt. You should create yourself an account and protect it and the "root" account with good passwords. You should have got a mail from the install program we recommend you to read, it contains answers to basic questions you might have about OpenBSD (like setting up your system, installing packages, getting more information about OpenBSD, sending in your dmesg output and more). This you can do by running mail and then just enter "more 1" to get the first message. You quit mail by entering "q". Some of the files in the OpenBSD 3.2 distribution might need to be tailored for your site. We recommend you run: man afterboot which will tell you about a bunch of the files needing to be reviewed. If you are unfamiliar with UN*X-like system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book that discusses it. Upgrading a previously-installed OpenBSD System: ------------------------------------------------ To upgrade to OpenBSD 3.2 from a previous version, you should follow the instructions on installing the system beginning with using the MacBSD Install Utility. All you need do is copy each of the distribution sets in over your current system from the MacOS. However, you should not copy the etc32.tgz file into the system. Instead, download it while running OpenBSD and put it in /tmp or some other harmless place and unpack it with a command like 'tar zxvf etc32.tgz'. You will then have an etc directory with current system configuration files in it. Use this to carefully upgrade your files in the running /etc and reboot the system. Also, it is highly recommended that when upgrading your kernel binary (/bsd) you backup the old, working kernel and extract bsd-generic.tgz into / only from OpenBSD. Getting source code for your OpenBSD System: -------------------------------------------- Now that your OpenBSD system is up and running, you probably want to get access to source code so that you can recompile pieces of the system. A few methods are provided. If you have an OpenBSD CD, the source code is provided. Otherwise, you can get the pieces over the Internet using ANONCVS, CTM or FTP. For more information, see http://www.openbsd.org/anoncvs.html http://www.openbsd.org/ctm.html http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html Using online OpenBSD documentation: ----------------------------------- Documentation is available if you first install the manual distribution set. Traditionally, the UN*X "man pages" (documentation) are denoted by 'name(section)'. Some examples of this are intro(1), man(1), apropos(1), passwd(1), and passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several categories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administrative information is in section 8. The 'man' command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering 'man [section] topic'. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the least-numbered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter man passwd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the documentation for passwd(5), enter man 5 passwd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter apropos subject-word where "subject-word" is your topic of interest; a list of possibly related man pages will be displayed. Adding third party software; ``packages'' and ``ports'': ------------------------------------------------------- As complete as your OpenBSD system is, you may want to add any of several excellent third party software applications. There are several ways to do this. You can: 1) Obtain the source code and build the application based upon whatever installation procedures are provided with the application. 2) Use the OpenBSD ``ports'' collection to automatically get any needed source file, apply any required patches, create the application, and install it for you. 3) Use the OpenBSD ``package'' collection to grab a pre-compiled and tested version of the application for your hardware. If you purchased the OpenBSD CD-ROM set you already have several popular ``packages'', and the ``ports'' collection. Instructions for installing applications from the various sources using the different installation methods follow. You should also refer to the packages(7) manual page. Installing applications from the CD-ROM package collection: The OpenBSD CD-ROM ships with several applications pre-built for various hardware architectures. The number of applications vary according to available disk space. Check the directory 3.2/packages/m68k to see which packages are available for your hardware architecture. That directory will be on the same CD-ROM containing the OS installation files for your architecture. To install one or more of these packages you must: 1) become the superuser (root). 2) mount the appropriate CD-ROM. 3) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software. Example (in which we use su(1) to get superuser privileges, thus you have to be in group "wheel", see the manual page for su(1)). $ su Password: # mkdir -p /cdrom # mount /dev/cd0a /cdrom # pkg_add /cdrom/OSREV/packages/MACHINE_ARCH/ # # umount /cdrom Package names are usually the application name and version with .tgz appended, e.g. emacs-20.7.tgz Installing applications from the ftp.openbsd.org package collection: All available packages for your architecture have been placed on ftp.openbsd.org in the directory pub/OpenBSD/3.2/packages/m68k/ You may want to peruse this to see what packages are available. The packages are also on the OpenBSD FTP mirror sites. See http://www.openbsd.org/ftp.html for a list of current ftp mirror sites. Installation of a package is very easy. 1) become the superuser (root) 2) use the ``pkg_add'' command to install the software ``pkg_add'' is smart enough to know how to download the software from the OpenBSD ftp server. Example: $ su Password: # pkg_add \ ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/3.2/packages/m68k/emacs-20.7.tgz Packages available include (at least): 9menu-1.5.tgz 9wm-1.2pre.tgz ATI-4.2.0.6.tgz BasiliskII-0.9.1.tgz BitchX-1.0c18.tgz Business-CreditCard-0.21.tgz ImageMagick-5.2.9.tgz LPRng-3.7.4.tgz ORBit-0.5.13.tgz R-1.4.1.tgz STk-3.1.1.tgz TclXML-1.2.1.tgz Tktable-2.7.tgz Wnn-data-4.2.tgz Wnn-xwnmo-4.2.tgz XPostitPlus-2.3.tgz Xaw3d-1.5.tgz a2ps-4.13b-a4.tgz a2ps-4.13b-letter.tgz aalib-1.2-no_x11.tgz aalib-1.2.tgz abcde-2.0.3.tgz abook-0.4.17.tgz abs-0.8.tgz abuse-2.0.tgz ac3dec-0.6.1.tgz adcomplain-3.52.tgz aescrypt-0.7.tgz aewm-1.2.0.tgz afm-1.0.tgz afternoonstalker-1.0.tgz afterstep-1.8.9.tgz aggregate-1.5.tgz agrep-2.04.tgz aide-0.7.tgz amanda-2.4.2.2.tgz amanda-client-2.4.2.2.tgz amaya-5.1-motif.tgz amaya-english-dict-19961207.tgz amaya-french-dict-19961217.tgz amph-0.8.9.tgz an-0.93.tgz analog-5.24.tgz angband-2.9.3-no_x11.tgz angband-2.9.3.tgz angst-0.4b.tgz antiword-0.33.tgz 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Some packages are only available via ftp. Installing applications from the CD-ROM ports collection: The CD-ROM ``ports'' collection is a set of Makefiles, patches, and other files used to control the building and installation of an application from source files. Creating an application from sources can require a lot of disk space, sometimes 50 megabytes or more. The first step is to determine which of your disks has enough room. Once you've made this determination read the file PORTS located on the CD-ROM which contains the ports tree. To build an application you must: 1) become the superuser (root) 2) have network access, or obtain the actual source files by some other means. 3) cd to the ports directory containing the port you wish to build. To build samba, for example, where you'd previously copied the ports files into the /usr/ports directory: cd /usr/ports/net/samba 4) make 5) make install 6) make clean Installing applications from the OpenBSD ports collection: See http://www.openbsd.org/ports.html for current instructions on obtaining and installing OpenBSD ports. You should also refer to the ports(7) manual page. Installing other applications: If an OpenBSD package or port does not exist for an application you're pretty much on your own. The first thing to do is ask if anyone is working on a port -- there may be one in progress. If no luck there you may try the FreeBSD ports or NetBSD package collection. If you are on an i386 based machine it is quite possible that the FreeBSD port, if one exists, will work for you. If you can't find an existing port try to make your own and feed it back to OpenBSD. That's how our ports collection grows. Some details can be found at http://www.openbsd.org/porting.html with more help coming from the mailing list, . Administrivia: -------------- There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at . To get help on using the mailing list server, send mail to that address with an empty body, and it will reply with instructions. There are also two OpenBSD Usenet newsgroups, comp.unix.bsd.openbsd.announce for important announcements and comp.unix.bsd.openbsd.misc for general OpenBSD discussion. To report bugs, use the 'sendbug' command shipped with OpenBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Additionally, bug reports can be sent by mail to: bugs@OpenBSD.ORG Use of 'sendbug' is encouraged, however, because bugs reported with it are entered into the OpenBSD bugs database, and thus can't slip through the cracks. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to the mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP somewhere, then mail the appropriate list about it, or, if you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it.